Innovations and Challenges in Second/Foreign Language Testing and Assessment

Language testing and assessment play a vital role in second and foreign language education, providing essential data on learner proficiency and progress. This review explores recent innovations in language assessment, such as computer-adaptive testing, performance-based assessments, and AI-driven tools. It highlights the importance of balancing reliability, validity, and fairness in assessment practices while addressing the diverse needs of learners. The review also discusses challenges, including equitable access to technology, test security, and teacher training. Future directions suggest integrating advanced technologies to enhance assessment practices, developing inclusive testing methods, and researching the long-term impact of innovative assessment tools on language learning outcomes.